Jaundice is a common condition in newborns. It causes yellowing of the skin and eyes. This occurs due to high levels of bilirubin in the blood. Bilirubin is a yellow pigment. It is produced during the normal breakdown of red blood cells.
Understanding Jaundice in Newborns
Types of Jaundice
There are several types of jaundice in newborns. The most common type is physiological jaundice. This type appears within the first week of life. It is usually harmless. Another type is breastfeeding jaundice. This occurs when a baby does not get enough breast milk. Breast milk jaundice appears after the first week. It may last for a month or more. Pathological jaundice is another type. It can be caused by infections, blood disorders, or enzyme deficiencies.
See also: When is Phototherapy Indicated for Newborns?
Causes of Jaundice
The main cause of jaundice is the accumulation of bilirubin. Newborns have a high turnover of red blood cells. Their livers are not fully developed. This makes it hard for the liver to process bilirubin. Premature babies are more likely to develop jaundice. Breastfeeding issues can also cause jaundice. Certain medical conditions can lead to jaundice. These include infections, blood type incompatibilities, and genetic disorders.
Symptoms of Jaundice
The primary symptom of jaundice is yellowing of the skin and eyes. This usually starts on the face. It can spread to the chest, belly, and legs. Severe jaundice may cause lethargy, poor feeding, and irritability. In rare cases, high bilirubin levels can affect the brain. This is called kernicterus. It can cause permanent damage.
Measuring Bilirubin Levels
Bilirubin levels are measured through blood tests. The total serum bilirubin (TSB) level is the most common test. Transcutaneous bilirubin (TcB) measurements are also used. This is a non-invasive test. It uses a device placed on the skin. Blood tests are more accurate. They are used to confirm TcB measurements.
Normal Bilirubin Levels
In newborns, normal bilirubin levels are less than 5 mg/dL. Levels between 5 and 7 mg/dL may cause mild jaundice. Levels above 7 mg/dL are more concerning. If levels reach 12 to 20 mg/dL, treatment may be needed. Levels above 20 mg/dL are dangerous. They require immediate medical attention.
Risk Factors for High Bilirubin Levels
Several factors can increase the risk of high bilirubin levels. Premature birth is a major risk factor. Babies born before 37 weeks are at higher risk. Breastfeeding difficulties can also increase risk. Babies with a family history of jaundice are more likely to develop it. Blood type incompatibility between mother and baby is another risk factor. Certain genetic conditions can also raise the risk.
Treatment for Jaundice
Treatment depends on the bilirubin levels and the baby’s age. Mild jaundice usually resolves on its own. Frequent feedings can help reduce bilirubin levels. This helps the baby pass bilirubin through urine and stool. Phototherapy is a common treatment for higher levels. It uses light to break down bilirubin in the skin. In severe cases, a blood transfusion may be needed. This is called an exchange transfusion.
Preventing Jaundice
Early and frequent breastfeeding can help prevent jaundice. It ensures the baby gets enough milk. Monitoring bilirubin levels in high-risk babies is important. This helps detect and treat jaundice early. Parents should watch for symptoms of jaundice. They should contact their doctor if they notice any signs.
When to Seek Medical Help
Parents should seek medical help if they notice signs of jaundice. This includes yellowing of the skin and eyes. Other symptoms include poor feeding, lethargy, and irritability. If jaundice appears within the first 24 hours, immediate medical attention is needed. If bilirubin levels are high, treatment is necessary.
Complications of Untreated Jaundice
Untreated jaundice can lead to serious complications. High bilirubin levels can cause kernicterus. This is a type of brain damage. It can lead to hearing loss, vision problems, and intellectual disabilities. Early treatment can prevent these complications.
Conclusion
Jaundice is a common condition in newborns. It is usually harmless and resolves on its own. High bilirubin levels require medical attention. Early detection and treatment are crucial. Parents should monitor their babies for signs of jaundice. They should seek medical help if needed. With proper care, jaundice can be effectively managed.
FAQs
What is the normal level of jaundice in a newborn?
In newborns, the normal level of bilirubin is typically less than 5 mg/dL. During the first few days of life, it’s common for bilirubin levels to increase slightly as the baby’s liver matures and begins to process bilirubin more efficiently. However, most newborns will have bilirubin levels that are considered within the normal range and do not require treatment.
What is the danger level for babies with jaundice?
The danger level for bilirubin in newborns depends on several factors, including the age of the baby (in hours), the overall health of the baby, and whether the baby is premature or full-term. Generally, bilirubin levels above 20 mg/dL are considered dangerous and require immediate medical intervention. At these high levels, there is a risk of bilirubin crossing the blood-brain barrier and causing a condition known as kernicterus, which can result in permanent brain damage.
What are the lab values for jaundice in newborns?
Lab values for jaundice in newborns are measured in milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) of blood. The specific ranges are:
Normal: Less than 5 mg/dL
Mild Jaundice: 5 to 7 mg/dL
Moderate Jaundice: 8 to 12 mg/dL
Severe Jaundice: 13 to 20 mg/dL
Dangerous Levels: Above 20 mg/dL
These ranges can vary slightly based on the baby’s age and whether they were born prematurely or at full term.
At What Blood Level Does Bilirubin Become Jaundice?
Jaundice becomes clinically noticeable when bilirubin levels exceed 2 to 3 mg/dL. However, jaundice is typically considered clinically significant and requires monitoring or treatment when bilirubin levels exceed 5 mg/dL. At this point, the yellowing of the skin and eyes (icterus) becomes apparent.
