Cases of dengue are rapidly increasing across the country, prompting concern among public health officials and healthcare providers. Dengue fever, transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, poses significant risks including shock, internal bleeding, organ failure, and potentially death. While much attention focuses on its impact on the general population, its effects on pregnant women and newborns have been less studied. One critical question is whether dengue during pregnancy can lead to low birth weights in infants. We interviewed Dr. Yogesh Jadhav, MD Gynecology from Arogya Hospital in Baramati, Maharashtra, for insights.
Dengue fever, a mosquito-borne viral disease, has spread widely in recent years. Symptoms include high fever, headaches, bleeding from the mouth and nose, joint pain, vomiting, rash, diarrhea, and in severe cases, Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) or Dengue Shock Syndrome (DSS), both life-threatening conditions. The virus has four serotypes, increasing the risk of severe disease upon subsequent infections, according to Dr. Jadhav.
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, up to 400 million people contract dengue annually, with around 100 million becoming ill and 40,000 dying from severe cases.
Pregnancy alters a woman’s immune response, making her more susceptible to infections like dengue. Pregnant women with dengue may experience more severe symptoms and complications compared to non-pregnant individuals, raising concerns about adverse pregnancy outcomes, Dr. Jadhav added.
Low birth weight (LBW), defined by WHO as less than 2500 grams (5.5 pounds), is a critical indicator of infant health, linked to increased risks of neonatal and long-term health issues. Factors contributing to LBW include maternal health, nutrition, and environmental conditions. Dengue fever can exacerbate these risks.
Dengue fever can lead to severe maternal complications such as dehydration, hemorrhage, and organ dysfunction, negatively affecting fetal growth and development. Inflammatory responses triggered by dengue can interfere with placental function and blood flow, increasing the risk of LBW, Dr. Jadhav explained.
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Gastrointestinal symptoms from dengue like nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite can lead to poor nutrition during pregnancy, crucial for fetal growth. Malnutrition can contribute to LBW.
Although rare, vertical transmission of the dengue virus from mother to fetus is possible. This can lead to fetal infection, potentially causing preterm birth and LBW. Studies have shown higher incidences of LBW in infants born to mothers who had dengue during pregnancy compared to those who did not.
Preventing dengue is essential for protecting pregnant women and their unborn children. Dr. Jadhav emphasized preventive measures such as mosquito control, use of repellents and nets, early detection of symptoms, and prompt medical care if dengue is suspected.
Managing dengue in pregnant women requires careful medical supervision to minimize risks to both mother and fetus.
